Nursing and Midwifery Federation Standards †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Nursing and Midwifery Federation Standards. Answer: Presentation Nursing is a respectable occupation and there are numerous understudies who seek to be a fruitful medical attendant in their expert vocation. The activity of medical attendants and birthing assistants may obviously appear to be simpler however they are path harder than it appears to be hypothetically and thus it is significant for the medicinal services associations and the understudies to focus on understanding the distinctive key parts of training and ensure they stand these necessities viably. The attendants and the birthing assistants need to keep the distinctive legitimate commitments and the set of accepted rules and morals which would assist them with providing powerful consideration to the administration clients. The medical attendants and birthing specialists are legitimately committed which implies they should adhere to certain human services practice rules which would assist with ensuring that the administrations are given according to the measures of wellbeing and social consideration set somewhere near the legislature. Perhaps the most ideal approaches to comprehend these laws and to rehearse successfully is to do a solid expert appraisal through reflection. The current investigation will accept an open door to examine the job of the understudy and expert birthing specialists and medical attendants, their legitimate commitments through contextual investigations and reflection which would assist with tending to the key goal of the examination. In the earliest reference point of this case it is essential to specify that as an understudy nurture or a birthing assistant it is imperative to get familiar with the most ideal things in the arrangement which is impossible once the situation or the course is finished. Confronting issues for all intents and purposes may be a real issue on the off chance that the person in question isn't confronted with issues during the fruition of the course. This contextual analysis is an ideal case of understanding issues at the social insurance position and would have the option to deal with the training in the most ideal way. In the current case unmistakably the partners working with the other understudy nurture supposedly is harmed and can't play out their undertakings appropriately which implies it is significant for them to educate the human services association about the current wellbeing condition viably. It is likewise essential to make reference to that given their wellbeing condition th ey have not had the option to oversee administration arrangement which implies the consideration clients will endure and consequently it is the obligation of different medical attendants to keep up a solid equalization in the side to ensure the administration arrangement is viably drilled (Schneider and Whitehead, 2013). For this situation it is liable for the medical attendant who knows about the way that the partners are harmed and can't play out the day by day work successfully to carry it to the notification of the association to ensure legitimate move is made to ensure they are restored and brought once again without hesitation. The code of expert lead for medical attendants in Australia and the Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia cooperate which is chiefly set down to ensure the medical attendants and birthing specialists working in the association can deal with every others back and offer viable support. It sets legitimate rules and rules to work adequately and dispense with any disarray to give the most ideal help. As an understudy one have to concentrate on finishing the essential arrangement so as to finish the course however for this situation the harmed understudy medical attendants wouldnt have the option to do that as they are harmed and won't have the option to mind administration a ppropriately (Lowe et al., 2012). According to the lead articulation given in the Code of expert direct for medical attendants it is significant for every single medical caretaker to advise the quick managers about the extent of their work on including any sort of confinement. For this situation the understudy who knew about this state of the partners is capable to illuminate this to the boss for the wellbeing and security of the associates with the goal that they could return new and carry out their responsibility appropriately. As expressed in the code of training that the attendants are required to play out their obligation dependent on a specific standard which for this situation isn't going on. The Nursing Act 1992 assumes the liability of actualizing viable standard of training which is imperative to be submitted to so as to give the correct sort of care to the administration clients (Borbasi and Jackson, 2015). For this situation when the understudy nurture understands that the associates can't give viable con sideration to the administration clients it is imperative to ensure they are appropriately heightened to the upper administration so the upper administration can take legitimate activities to guarantee the representatives are fine and can play out their obligations appropriately. The attendants and the birthing assistants must be up on their toes so as to ensure the need and need of the patients are appropriately met yet on the off chance that one medical caretaker is harmed as it has occurred for this situation it is significant for the other one to assume the liability and report it to the director and the upper administration so as to bring this into their notification. The chance of making further mischief on ones self is obviously significant which shows the psychological destabilization of the medical attendants which would additionally influence their training and henceforth notice that they should take proficient wellbeing direction which is critical for an association. Generally speaking talking from the individual perspective it is fundamental for this situation that working viably keeping the medicinal services direct practice and morals for this situation will assist with relieving the weight (Nursing and Federation, 2014). As an understudy medicinal services proficient particularly when one is an attendant it turns out to be critical to ensure that all the obligations ought to be appropriately overseen and in certainty it is significant that all the potential issues are confronted with by the attendants so as to ensure the correct sort of administration is given adequately to the administration clients. Work environment wellbeing and security is a critical angle and it must be remembered by the medical caretakers so as to give the most ideal outcome to the administration clients. Since the social insurance associations are similarly influenced because of the deficiency in staffs and henceforth it is significant for the medicinal services associations in Australia to ensure the wellbeing status of every single attendant and maternity specialist to keep them fit and successful. The human services associations are answerable for the wellbeing and security of the patients as well as for the representatives which is plainly examined in Workplace Health and Safety Act 2011 (Chang and Daly, 2015). Consequently so as to ensure the administration is appropriately overseen and all the medical caretakers are having a successful wellbeing status it is critical to chip away at the data got from the companions and normally making a mind the business. Consequently to finish up it could be said since the understudy nurture was worried about the wellbeing status of the friends it is basic that there wellbeing condition is accounted for successfully which would assist with ensuring the administrations gave are of legitimate gauges which is at standard with the human services practice set by the Government in the Nursing Act 1992 and endeavor to perform adequately with it that prompts viable help arrangement (Daly, Speedy and Jackson, 2017). The Australian Healthcare Practitioner Regulation Agency works in association with the National Health Board Australia and the principle focal point of this is to ensure the training done in a human services association is solid and substance. Under the national enrollment plan of the medical attendants and maternity specialists it is plainly expressed that the understudies and expert medical caretakers will possibly get enlistments when they are not in connection with any sort of unlawful utilization of medications. For this situation it is plainly demonstrated that the conduct of the enrolled medical attendants remaining with the storyteller isn't free mood and there have been huge issues which have influenced the administration arrangement obviously. The whole worker working under the normal wellbeing professional national law all the attendants should follow certain system to get enlistment that opens the way to legitimate practice in the social insurance association (Fenwick et al., 2012). According to the code of expert lead set somewhere near the NMBA and the medicinal services Government body in Australia an individual is discovered reasonable to rehearse as an attendant or an understudy just when the person is by and by responsible for the training and for the arrangement of protected and able practice and nursing care. It is the duty of the medical caretakers to ensure they accept their own obligations as well as take the duties of different patients and the partners. For this situation it is exceptionally evident that the level mate of the storyteller isn't in a steady wellbeing condition and has been found having drugs which are plainly illicit. Then again it is likewise referenced in the code of expert lead that the medical caretakers should rehearse in the sheltered and capable condition and individual wellbeing constraints will influence the general social insurance administration arrangement and henceforth it is significant for the attendants and the underst udy medical caretakers to ensure they don't get ensnared in criminal operations and ownership of medications (El Haddad, Moxham and Broadbent, 2013). In this situation that human services associations or the instruction supplier may need to intercede or, in all likelihood it will destroy the vocation of the understudy medical attendants and the expert attendants and the maternity specialists. It needs to concentrate on the best possible investigation of the workers or the understudy attendants to concentrate on the execution of the effective representatives in the association. Henceforth one might say that according to the Code of morals for medical attendants in Australia it is essential to raise the issue to the medicinal services body which would assist with ensuring the individual is dealt with appropriately so the administration clients could be furnished with reasonable consideration support. Thus in general at the current second it is the duty of the associate to answer to the social insurance body or the instruction supplier to have a

The Butcher and His Fiend Like Queen in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth

The Butcher and his Fiend like Queen in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth Introduction At the finish of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Malcolm alludes to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as: â€Å"This dead like butcher and his savage like queen,† when he was delegated as new lord of Scotland. In Malcolm’s eyes, the Macbeths are only that, merciless killers who took away the seat from him and his dad. A butcher can be depicted as somebody who slaughters, or have individuals executed pointlessly or mercilessly. A savage can be characterized as a brutal individual, or one who causes inconvenience and disturbance. Macbeth is a butcher and Lady Macbeth his beast like sovereign, in view of insatiability he had ended the lives of numerous individuals really dear companions of him, and she controls him into doing the things he did with just her own desire on the most fundamental level. Examination Lady Macbeth is â€Å"fiend like† when she figures out how to persuade Macbeth to slaughter Duncan. She is by all accounts missing all human generosity, when she attempting to convince Macbeth to submit the death. Macbeth delays on the night that the homicide will be finished. He wouldn't like to do it. Woman Macbeth convinces him, ridicules his shortcoming, in any event, recommending that she having the cruelest of musings, the contemplations of murdering their little child. | â€Å"I would, while it was grinning in my face, Have pluck'd my areola from his boneless gums, And dash'd the cerebrums out, had I so sworn As you have done to this† (1,7) | Lady Macbeth needs to cause him to feel blameworthy and complete the homicide. The way that she is attempting to persuade Macbeth to carry out this ghastly wrongdoing when he dithers is malevolent undoubtedly. Macbeth murders Duncan, the King, so as to pick up the seat. Macbeth chooses to slaughter Duncan himself, despite the fact that Lady Macbeth is strong and convinces him. After the homicide he says: | â€Å"I have carried out the thing. Didst thou not hear a clamor? † (2,2)| He have killed in light of eagerness, demonstrating his â€Å"butcher† side of himself. Duncan’s demise is particularly boorish in light of the fact that Macbeth executed him in his rest and the way that Duncan was Macbeth’s visitor and cousin and furthermore was viewed as an extraordinary King. Macbeth before long understands that he can't stop at simply executing Duncan. He comprehends that the one individual who is well on the way to compromise his situation as King is Banquo. This is on the grounds that he was available when the peculiar sisters gave Macbeth their prediction, and can figure that Macbeth is liable of killing the King. Macbeth killed his closest companion, Banquo, for two unique reasons. The witches’ expectations, that Banquo’s child is to become lord, and the dread about Banquo’s information on his messy wrongdoing. Macbeth allocates the three killers to murder both Banquo and his child Fleance. | â€Å"Fleance his child, that stays with him, Whose nonattendance is no less material to me Than is his father's, must grasp the destiny Of that dim hour. † (3, 1)| Banquo was Macbeth’s closest companion and had done nothing incorrectly; accordingly should this demonstration be the most butcher-like from Macbeth’s side. Macbeth butchered Lady Macduff and her child, because of the expectations made by the witches. Another case of Macbeth being a butcher is the point at which he employs the killers to murder the group of Macduff, just so as to cause him torment. | â€Å"The mansion of Macduff I will amaze; Take advantage of Fife; provide for the edge o' the blade His significant other, his darlings, and all terrible souls† (4, 1)| To kill blameless kids and their mom is an outstandingly merciless act. End â€Å"The butcher and his Fiend like queen† as Malcolm alludes to Macbeths toward the finish of the play, is an exact method to portray Macbeth and his significant other. Macbeth can be portrayed as a butcher when he is engaged with the homicides of the King, Banquo, his closest companion, and the group of Macduff. He kills honest individuals, individuals he like, just to pick up power. Woman Macbeth can be given the title of a monster like sovereign when she interests to kill Duncan and can be considered just to be a ruthless killer as Macbeth since she is the cerebrum behind the wrongdoing. Macbeth might not have killed King Duncan without the help of his â€Å"Fiend like queen†, however Macbeth house keeper that decision and in this way he additionally decides to manage in Hell instead of to serve in Heaven. This all came down to Macbeth’s ravenousness and Lady Macbeth’s aspirations to turn into the King and Queen. Book index Shakespeare, W. (1990) Macbeth, Arden

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Manage $5 Million at Darden

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Manage $5 Million at Darden Many think that because UVAs Darden School of Business casts itself as a general management program, the school has no specialties. General management, however, is a philosophy that suggests that no business problem can viewed in isolationfor example, a finance problem relates to marketing, a marketing problem relates to operations and so on. In the student club Darden Capital Management (DCM), Darden students can apply general management principles in evaluating equities to understand the entire firm while also specializing in asset management to further their careers in this finance-industry niche. Through DCM, first-year students pitch long and short investment ideas to second-year student fund managers who oversee $5M of Darden’s endowment, which is divided among five funds, each with its own focal area. Approximately 20 first-year students ultimately “graduate” and run these funds themselves for credit as second-year students, reporting on their investment decisions and performance to Dardens finance board. Students who manage these funds report that they have had an advantage breaking into asset management, because this hands-on experience gives them plenty to discuss in interviews. Managing $5M will do that… For more information on  UVAs Darden School  or 13 other leading MBA programs, check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids University of Virginia (Darden)

Alzheimer s Disease And How It Affects The Individual As...

This report provides detailed information regarding the Alzheimer’s disease, and how it affects the individual as a person. It examines the facts and statistics of Alzheimer’s disease, as well as cover the survival rate. It covers the cognitive impacts that Alzheimer’s has on the individual, and also the emotional profiles of each of its victims. Gives a general concept of how Alzheimer’s disease has evolved over the past years, and it also shares the advances that it has made. It addresses the role of the public health and aging services, and how it affects the person. It goes into detail on how the brain is affected by this disease, and the impact it can cause for the individual. Overall, it stresses the importance of being aware of the Alzheimer’s diseases because it allows for there to be support, encouragement, and hope for the victims. Just having someone there can make all the difference to someone suffering. Alzheimer’s Disease (4/5pa ges) There are millions of people living in the world today, and along with these millions of people have come the struggles and influences that they had to overcome as the years passed. They have learned to overcome or cope with certain circumstance that are thrown their way. One of the main things that these individuals had to learn to overcome was diseases. Back then millions of people died from different disease daily because they didn’t have the right medicine or medicine at all. As time, has passed, there have been thousands ofShow MoreRelatedInfluence Of Mental Health And Families, Friends, And Other Close Personal Relationships1585 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestigation the influence of mental health and families, friends, and other close personal relationships, specifically Alzheimer s disease. 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Essay on Education Of The Middle Ages - 1553 Words

Education of the middle ages Education, as we know it today, did not exist in the Middle Ages. Illiteracy was dominant among the population. Scribes were the exception to the rule. Churches were the main source of knowledge and schooling. Real interest in learning grew along with the development of towns. The towns’ officials needed to be educated. At the same time a need for legal institutions was created and so started the university phenomenon. Modern education was on its way. There were few schools in the Middle ages, so everyone had limited education. Even the Lord of the Manor was often unable to read or write. Some of the first schools were Cathedral schools. As well as Parish, Monastic, and Palace schools. Here people learned a†¦show more content†¦Indeed, they played a crucial role in medieval intellectual and social life. Since few people could read or write, the regular clergy preserved ancient and the classical writings. Scribes copied all the books by hand working in a small drafty room with one candle or a small window for light. Illuminated manuscripts decorated with rich colors and intricate pictures indicate that, although the task was done with hard work, it was also lovingly done (Monastaries 499-501). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Monasteries and convents provided not only schools for young people, but hospitals for the sick, food for the needy, and a home for travelers who need a place to stay (Monasteries 499-501). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cathedral schools were there to train higher-member of the Church in their professional duties as ministers of the Christian people. The bishop in whose Cathedral complex the school was located needed a group of trained priests to administer the various needs dioceses. The Cathedral school largely emphasized practical skills, effective reading, singing, and knowledge of Church Law, public speaking and the administration of the holy sacraments (Corbishely 28). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;At first the university was not so much a place as it was a group of scholars organized like a guild for the purpose of learning. Classes were held in rented rooms orShow MoreRelatedEducation of the Middle Ages1576 Words   |  7 PagesEducation of the middle ages Education, as we know it today, did not exist in the Middle Ages. Illiteracy was dominant among the population. Scribes were the exception to the rule. Churches were the main source of knowledge and schooling. Real interest in learning grew along with the development of towns. The towns officials needed to be educated. At the same time a need for legal institutions was created and so started the university phenomenon. Modern education was on its way. 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What Is Nature Or What It - 1480 Words

What is nature? The answer to that question is unique not only on a cultural basis but also unique to every person. When many people are confronted with different viewpoints or opinions on a particular subject, they often have the desire to conform that person’s opinions to their own. This creates a binary way of thinking. You either agree or disagree. This binary really is not effective, however, when discussing the topic of what is nature or what is natural because it is not a question that has a clear answer. We all have different connotations attached to the word nature. None of these connotations are wrong. They are just different. They are a product of our religion, our biology, and the experiences of our life. There have been many provocative thoughts expressed about what is natural that have either directly or indirectly defined nature to us. Whether it is an ancient story passed down through oral tradition throughout generations or modern writing, we have always look ed to define nature not just for ourselves but for others around us. And this has caused only gridlock and confrontation. Take the Salinan Indian Creation Story for instance. Most creation stories explain the world as being created by a male human-like figure. This is not the case, for the Salinan people. They believe that they were created by a bald eagle. This bald eagle with the help of a coyote gave man life (The American Yawp Reader). The Hebrew creation story that has formed the basis ofShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Nature Or What It?1491 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is nature? The answer to that question is different on not only a cultural basis but also on a person-to-person basis. When many people are confronted with people of different viewpoints or opinions on a particular subject they often have the desire to conform that person’s options to their own. 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Hopewell Culture Essay Example For Students

Hopewell Culture Essay Studiedsince the discovery of the conspicuous mounds in Ross County Ohio, the Hopewellhave been an archaeological enigma to many. The tradition is so named for theowner of the farm, Captain Hopewell, where over thirty mounds were discovered. Earlier studies focused more on the exotic grave goods such as precious metals,freshwater pearls, many of these objects had come from all corners of thecontinent from the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico, and north to themid-Atlantic coastline (some say Hopewellian influence reached Nova Scotia). Earlier scholars of the Hopewell (1950s through 1960s) were well aware ofthe influence of the Interaction Sphere, yet concluded that the Hopewell,in terms of lifestyle were a cult and had no influence on daily life. Laterstudies suggest otherwise, as more and more information surfaces along with newinsightful interpretations. It is widely accepted that the Hopewell are thenext generation of the Adena. That is to say that the Adena gave rise tothe Hopewell, who had, as speculated migrated into the Ohio River Valley fromIllinois. The Hopewell have been described as a more elaborate and flamboyantversion of the Adena. Whether the Hopewell overpowered the Adena or simplymingled with and mixed into the culture, is not certain, yet there has been noevidence of warfare to support the former. The result was a cultural explosionencompassing a vast majority of North America east of the Rocky Mountains to theAtlantic coast. The Hopewell flourished in the Middle Woodland from 200 B.C. toAD 500. The environment was nearly what it is today. Temperate with lakes,streams, wetlands and flood-plains, the people took advantage of the seasonalweather in the Ohio River Valley via foraging as well as hunting and gathering. The cultivation of domestic strains of beans and maize was well on its way as itwas implemented in small amounts, catching on later in the time period. Thevegetation was a prairie/forest mix of deciduous trees, walnut, oak, variousgrasses and shrub. The fauna of the region included many species of waterfowl,turkey and other species in great abundance that are found today (perhaps inmore abundance than found today). Larger fauna included buffalo, bison, deer,and elk and smaller animals such as rodents, raccoons, beaver and the like. Aquatic life included freshwater mussels and clams, many fishes (bass, catfish,etc.) and turtles. As we will see, the people made abundant use of these floraand fauna as food, clothing, container, ceremonial and ornamental objects. Asfor changes through time in the environment, it is theorized (by some) that itdid in fact shift to a wetter one, perhaps driving the people to higher groundor otherwise drier climates. Core settlement, as noted was along the Ohio Riverand its estuaries on flood-plains, as well as on or near wetlands. Major areasof population density include Newark and Chillicothe as well as Marietta. Theseareas provided a lush environment of flora and fauna species that were widelyexploited over the centuries by the inhabitants. Living quarters, althoughscarcely studied, consist of scatterings of small villages with largersettlements located near and around major mound complexes. Some of these smallervillages seem to have been occupied seasonally while settlement was mor e thanlikely permanent in the larger loci surrounding the mounds. Some dwellings havebeen found to consist of saplings stuck into the ground in a circle, broughttogether in the center and covered with elm bark or mats of woven grasses. Postmolds from various areas in Ohio and Illinois indicate oval patterns as well asrectangular long-houses with rounded corners. Larger houses ranged from 18 to 25feet long and one was as large as 4448 feet, suggesting a large gatheringplace, perhaps for trading, council meetings or ceremonial practices. The dressof the people reflected their beliefs, trading practices and even wealth. Ornaments were worn head to foot. Womens hair were pinned back with dowels ofwood or bone in a bun or knot and a long sort of ponytail. When nursing, womenwore their hair braided and tied up in a shorter ponytail that was held togetherby a mesh or net-like bag. Typical male hairstyle was a sort of mohawk on topwith their hair pulled back into a bun in the back. As for male dress, a warriorwore a loincloth of dyed material with patterns on it (resembling a diaper; forlack of better description). He carried a long spear, an atl-atl, wearingvarious necklaces of bone, shell and stone beads including bear claws, sharktooth and other exotic items. The closest that these ancient north Americanscame to an iron age is revealed in their use of copper as breast plates andhelmets in warfare. Members of both sexes wore earspools (yo-yo shaped earrings)of copper as well as bracelets and necklaces. Mica was cut and shaped intovarious ornaments for headdresses in the form of animals, birds of prey t alons,geometric figures, human hand, and bear claw. Mica would be integrated intoclothing and on garments that would sparkle and reflect light, somewhat likesequins. Not much more is known about dress, due to the fact that textilesdeteriorate rapidly in the archaeological record. Very little is known of socialand political customs; ideas being drawn from ethnographic analogy (of Iroquois,the possible descendants) as well as being pieced together from archaeologicalcontexts. More than likely the people operated under matrilineal kinship. Theylived in long-houses dominated by the oldest female member of the family andwhen a couple was married, the husband would move into the wives house andbecome a part of their social unit. These new husbands had very little if anysay in household matters. The children belonged to or were affiliated withtheir mothers family, the males owing allegiance to that unit. There were,however male chiefs who represented households and villages in tribal affai rs. Evidence for hereditary monarchy is briefly described from a report in the1950s. It documents that a number of skeletons found in some mound structureshad a rare physical trait. This trait was a bony growth in the ear that wasgenetically transmitted. Peoples found to harbor this growth were found inassociation with vast riches of pearls, beads, precious metals, large amounts ofmica and the like, quite possibly the inbred mark of royalty within atribe or tribes. The subsistence base of the Hopewell consisted of hunting,gathering and to a lesser extent cultivation of local plant species, dependingupon where they lived. Hunting was done primarily with spears and projectilepoints, with the Indians making use of an instrument called and atl-atl. Onewould attach a spear to the atl-atl and hurl it at the target, the implementproviding not only a more powerful throw, but giving the spear a more finelytuned trajectory. Also used at this time were the bow and arrow, a big step intechnological innovation at the time. This is evident in the archaeologicalrecord with the finding of smaller projectile points such as the SquibnocketTriangle. As for throwing spears, larger projectile points were used, resemblingthe Jacks Reef Corner Notched, broad knife blades and corner notchedprojectile points being preferred as well as being typical of the Hopewell. Role Of Airplanes In World War II EssayThe lend-ees would then be obligated to the Big Man, perhaps having towork harder to pay back the favor. This, along with burial customs is theoverall effect of the Hopewell interaction sphere facilitating the so-calledBig Idea. It was a philosophy, a way of life be it not all encompassing inthe lives of distant trade partners, yet affecting them through ritualceremonialism (in some areas as evidenced by presences of mounds) andtrade-good manufacture. This dispersal reached Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin,Iowa, Missouri, New York, the Northeast and eastern Rocky Mountain states andinto the deep south. The best-known aspects of the Hopewell are their ceremonialand burial practices centering on earthworks and burial mounds. Earthworksincluded animal effigy mounds (coinciding with animal platform pipes. Correlation?), geometric shapes, and a particular recent find, the GreatHopewell Road. Found in Ohio, it runs from Newark to Chillicothe, in a straightline through swamps and streams, thought to be a spiritual or pilgrimage route,rather than one of trading. Burial mounds were usually enclosed by a raisedembankment, symbolizing a sacred place. Earthworks were found in conjunctionwith burial mounds, near burial mounds or even distances away, some taking uphundreds of acres. The great Serpent Mound is a good example, yet isthought of as Adena. As for mortuary customs, three quarters of the bodies hadbeen cremated, full fleshed burial was probably a privilege of higher rankedindividuals, they were buried in full flexed position. Structures called CharnelHouses were erected where the dead were de-fleshed and then taken for cremation. First, brush was cleared from the burial area, including trees and topsoil. Claywas then lain down and then an inch of sand that was compacted. A large woodenstructure (some with no roofs, possibly to expose flesh to the elements forremoval) was built, sometimes with smaller rooms inside to accommodate others orextra grave goods and furniture. Cremations were done in clay lined pits duginto the floor after the bodies had been stripped of flesh and left there orplaced inside the log cabin structure. They were then surrounded by high-qualitygrave goods mentioned above, artisans or craftsmen being interred with largeamounts of their medium of specialty or trade including pearls, mica andobsidian. One mound was found with 12,000 pearls, 35,000 pearl beads, 20,000shell beads, nuggets of copper, meteoric iron, silver, sheets of hammered goldand copper, and iron beads. These houses were left standing or were burnt downand then covered with a mound taking up to and including one million bask et-fullsof earth. This was done periodically, layering burial on top of burial, perhapsindicating lineage, that it was that clans mound. Some of the skeletons hadcopper noses affixed to their skulls (nasal cavities). The mounds were probablyreserved for those in high status positions, sizes ranging from ten to fiftyfeet high and larger. The number of these earthworks in Ohio alone reaches10,000, however, many have been lost in this and other areas due to plowing anderosion. The Hopewell decline is as much a mystery as its origins and practices. The Hopewell exchange systems seem to have deteriorated around AD 500;Moundbuilding ceased, art forms were no longer produced. War and mass murder isunlikely, for there is no evidence for fighting (none even during the era). Perhaps it was the decimation of big-game herds of buffalo, deer and elk due tothe technology of the bow and arrow. Support for this theory lies in thedisappearance of atl-atl weights around the same time as the collapse. This, inconjunction with colder climatic conditions could have driven the animals northor west, as weather would have a detrimental effect on plant-life, drasticallycutting the subsistence base for these foods. Along with this, food productionof maize and other hardier plants would have been more important than tradingexotic goods. Another theory suggests that they eventually dispersed for unknownreasons, moving perhaps south, integrating with the Mississippian culture or tothe northeast, lending to the ancestral Iroquois theory. Whatever the case maybe, the Hopewell have left their indelible mark on Ancient Native North AmericanCulture in a way Archaeologists and Historians have never encountered. BibliographyFagan, Brian M. Ancient North America 1995 (revised) Thames and Hudson Ltd.,London. Jennings, Jesse D. Prehistory of North America 1968 McGraw-Hill Inc.,New York. Spencer, Robert F. / Jesse D. Jennings The Native Americans (secondedition) 1977 Harper and Row, Publishers, New York. Ceram, C.W. The FirstAmerican 1971 Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York Recent Fieldwork atHopewell Culture National Historic Park www.nps.gov/hocu/recent%20fieldwork.htmHome Page for Jackson, Jennifer M. www.ucsu.colorado.edu/~jacksoj/ Archaeology:Woodland 3: Hopewell www.uiowa.edu/~anthro/webcourse/naarch/hopewell.htmResearch finds Hopewell Indians were in park www.wcinet.com/th/News/010398/Front/90294.htmWoodland Period www.uiowa.edu/~osa/cultural/wood.htm