Using Caffeine is a Sin Against God :: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

Using Caffeine is a Sin Against God One of the most widely misunderstood commandments in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints is the Word of Wisdom.   The question that seems to trouble many members of the church is whether or not caffeine is part of the Word of Wisdom.   In this paper, we will find that as members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, we cannot drink caffeinated beverages and say that we keep the Word of Wisdom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   President Hinckley asked and answered a question in General Conference on October 4th of 1997. "Are we moving to mainstream America as some observers believe? In this, I fear we are." The comment came due to the increasing amount of shopping that is being done on sundays in LDS communities, and the increasing amount of disobedience to the Word of Wisdom. His tone was one of concern and love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We have a great responsibility to be an example of virtuous thought and deed. We have been blessed exceedingly with knowledge, that combined with wisdom will give us understanding. Why then, as a whole, do we seem to be regressing and becoming more like the world, as our Prophet has stated, instead of like the savior of all mankind, even Jesus Christ.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We have been counseled heretofore by prophets of old, "to seek learning, even by study, and by faith". We have an obligation to search the scriptures and to learn what the Lord is teaching us and warning us of. We must go forward with faith, and not backward. We must come unto the Lord, and not expect the Lord to come unto us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of   the many dangers in this world, the greatest danger that we have is an uninformed citizenry. Being informed is an obligation that each of us has to ourselves. Brigham Young said that "Education is the ability to think clearly, to act well in the days work, and to appreciate life".   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By this definition, and after knowing the effects of caffeine upon the human body, I have come to the conclusion that drinking caffeine is a sign of a lack of respect for oneself, and of an unappreciative attitude toward the life that each of us has been blessed with. Furthermore, it shows of either our inability, or unwillingness to learn to think clearly.

Barilla Spa (A) Case Study Essay

Executive Summary Sales representatives at the Barilla SpA, world’s largest pasta producer, are seeing customers changing due to long re-order lead-time and frequent stock-outs. Even with a high inventory levels, Barilla is still not able to cope with the fluctuating demand. The fluctuation in demand is seen as the bullwhip effect that is caused by sales strategies that have been put into place that is very product focused. This causes excessive demand from week to week depending on the product that the promotion or incentive is been aimed towards. There is also a lack of data sharing and poor communication throughout the whole supply chain which does not bring visibility for production forecast. With the Just-in-Time Distribution (JITD) that was brought in from the logistics manager, neither internally nor externally is supporting the new system. With the lack of understanding of the new system and the positive results it will bring, it will be hard to convince buy-ins from different angles. The initiative should be tested first from Barilla’s own facilities and prove out the methods and be able to visualize the improvements to the rest of its supply chain. During the implementation and test phase, there should be dedicated teams which monitor the data and metrics coming from the new system. Daily meetings should be held to discuss issues and resolve them as quickly as possible. As inventory levels drop, issues with the distribution system will arise which provides a priority of issues to resolve. Once the system has been proven, the results will be the biggest selling points to have the implementation through the whole supply chain and for everyone to understand its benefits. Issues Identification Barilla is experiencing issues to meet their fluctuating demand from the distribution centers even when carrying additional inventory throughout the supply chain. Brando Vitali has came with a proposal of a Just-in-time Distribution (JITD) but neither the sales team in Barilla or the buyers at the distribution centers are agreeing with the approach. At the same time, these teams are already noticing that our customers are leaving due to the lack of servicing we are able to provide. Distribution centers were asked to carry more inventories to prevent occurrences of stock outs but the suggestion was not accepted. In return, they issued a complaint regarding the number of SKUs Barilla has which makes it impossible to manage and the long manufacturing lead-time due to the tight heat and humidity specifications. Environmental and Root Cause Analysis Fluctuating Demand: The fluctuation in demand is caused by a combination of reasons. The trade promotions and volume discounts that Barilla uses as sales strategies are one of the biggest influences. There were also no limits to the quantities that the distributors are allowed to order per each â€Å"canvass† period. The incentive program for Barilla’s sales representatives is also causing inconsistency to the demand; they would be pushing for the SKU’s that would bring them a higher incentive. Barilla is also experience a growth in their export market; it was expected to reach 20-25% per year. With this increasing growth, Barilla does not have any sophisticated forecasting technique that would prepare them to meet the demand. There is a minimal visibility for Barilla to see where the volatility is in the demand is coming from. This is creating the Bullwhip Effect throughout their whole supply chain. The poor communication and cooperation between retailers, distribution centers and manufacturer is the reason that they all are maintaining higher inventory than required. Resistance to Changes: There were many resistances to this new initiative when it was being brought up internally and externally. When there is a lack of understanding of the results that a new initiative will bring, there will always be resistance to change. Sales team fears that that they would see a reduction of responsibilities and distribution centers were defensive when they misinterpret the approach as saying they don’t know what they are doing. Alternative and/or Options Alternative #1 – Continue to promote the Just-in-time Distribution (JITD) initiative To be able to eliminate the Bullwhip Effect, there must be an increase in visibility through the whole supply chain. With better communication and an understanding and trust between vendors, it will eliminate the volatility in demand. This will improve the service levels from distributors to retailers and at the same time reduce the inventory carrying cost. With the visibility, it will better Barilla to forecast their demand and improve their production planning process. While achieving this, it will reduce their manufacturing cost and their inventory cycle. Alternative #2 – Eliminate product focus sales strategies Instead of promoting particular products in each canvass period that will cause excessive demand, Barilla should maintain a constant competitive pricing through the year. Barilla should also eliminate their product-focus incentive policy for their sales representative and create incentive programs that will not allow them to focus on a particular SKU. Recommendations and Implementation Barilla should continue to promote the Just-in-Time Distribution initiative. As this is a new concept for the distributors and retailers, Barilla should prove out this initiative at their own facility. With the results, they can then have bigger bargaining power to promote this idea to its whole supply chain. As for anything else to be successful in a company, it is important for top management to be actively involved. Employees need to be aware of the importance of this project in order for it to be successful and for them to understand positive results it will bring to the company. During the implementation, there would be decrease in inventory levels. Before, the inventory levels were used as a buffer to hide the problems that prevents us from working with a lower inventory level. As we decrease the inventory levels, the problems will arise and it will identify for us what issues we need to resolve as a priority. If the problem requires a longer time to resolve, then the inventory levels can be raise to prevent affecting customers from stock-outs. Then the focus would be to resolve the issue and the inventory levels can be lowered again. With this approach, it will help prioritize the issues that need to be address and which ones will help lower our inventory levels. Monitor and Control To monitor the affects of this initiative, there are a few key performance indicators that need to be set-up. Stock Out Rate – This will immediately show the trend with the current system and be able to visualize that JITD will increase service levels. Inventory Levels – Visualize inventory levels at all firms to demonstrate the win-win scenario that this initiative will bring. Re-order Lead-time – To show with the increase communication, it helps for manufacturers to respond faster There should be daily meetings held with the key departments to ensure that the information is communicated in an effective manner. The meeting should be held at the same time in the same form to create a drum-beat system that will create a habit for the stakeholders to inform of any issues that they have encounter and to gather as a group to resolve.

What You Should Know About Unequal Treaties

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, stronger powers imposed humiliating, one-sided treaties on weaker nations in East Asia. The treaties imposed harsh conditions on the target nations, sometimes seizing territory, allowing citizens of the stronger nation special rights within the weaker nation, and infringing on the targets sovereignty. These documents are known as unequal treaties, and they played a key role in creating nationalism in Japan, China, and also Korea.   Unequal Treaties in Modern Asian History The first of the unequal treaties was imposed on Qing China by the British Empire in 1842 after the First Opium War. This document, the Treaty of Nanjing, forced China to allow foreigner traders to use five treaty ports, to accept foreign Christian missionaries on its soil, and to allow missionaries, traders, and other British citizens the right of extraterritoriality. This meant that Britons who committed crimes in China would be tried by consular officials from their own nation, rather than facing Chinese courts. In addition, China had to cede the island of Hong Kong to Britain for 99 years. In 1854, an American battle fleet commanded by Commodore Matthew Perry opened Japan to American shipping by the threat of force. The U.S. imposed an agreement called the Convention of Kanagawa on the Tokugawa government. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships in need of supplies, guaranteed rescue and safe passage for American sailors shipwrecked on its shores, and allowed a permanent U.S. consulate to be set up in Shimoda. In return, the U.S. agreed not to bombard Edo (Tokyo). The Harris Treaty of 1858 between the US and Japan further expanded U.S. rights within Japanese territory and was even more clearly unequal than the Convention of Kanagawa. This second treaty opened five additional ports to US trading vessels, allowed U.S. citizens to live and to purchase property in any of the treaty ports, granted Americans extraterritorial rights in Japan, set very favorable import and export duties for U.S. trade, and allowed Americans to build Christian churches and worship freely in the treaty ports. Observers in Japan and abroad saw this document as a portent of the colonization of Japan; in reaction, the Japanese overthrew the weak Tokugawa Shogunate in the 1868 Meiji Restoration. In 1860, China lost the Second Opium War to Britain and France and was forced to ratify the Treaty of Tianjin. This treaty was quickly followed by similar unequal agreements with the US and Russia. The Tianjin provisions included the opening of a number of new treaty ports to all of the foreign powers, the opening of the Yangtze River and Chinese interior to foreign traders and missionaries, allowing foreigners to live and establish legations in the Qing capital at Beijing, and granted them all extremely favorable trade rights.   Meanwhile, Japan was modernizing its political system and its military, revolutionizing the country in just a few short years.  It imposed the first unequal treaty of its own on Korea in 1876.  In the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1876, Japan unilaterally ended Koreas tributary relationship with Qing China, opened three Korean ports to Japanese trade, and allowed Japanese citizens extraterritorial rights in Korea. This was the first step toward Japans outright annexation of Korea in 1910. In 1895, Japan prevailed in the First Sino-Japanese War. This victory convinced the western powers that they would not be able to enforce their unequal treaties with the rising Asian power any longer. When Japan seized Korea in 1910, it also nullified the unequal treaties between the Joseon government and various western powers. The majority of Chinas unequal treaties lasted until the Second Sino-Japanese War, which began in 1937; the western powers abrogated most of the agreements by the end of World War II. Great Britain, however, retained Hong Kong until 1997. The British handover of the island to mainland China marked the final end of the unequal treaty system in East Asia.

Statement Of Teaching Philosophy My Lifelong Passion For...

Statement of Teaching Philosophy My lifelong passion for Maths and my desire to share it with others have enhanced my admiration of the subject and reinforced my aspiration to become a teacher. During my 12 years of teaching experience, I was trying to best exemplify the three important points: (i) love of teaching, (ii) love of mathematics, and (iii) concern for the student. Overall, I am committed to an applied/interdisciplinary approach to scholarship and teaching mathematics, and I try to structure all of my courses with this in mind. Specifically, my personal teaching philosophy includes the following points: †¢ I encourage an atmosphere in which mathematics is appreciated simply because Maths is beautiful. Examples of the beauty of mathematics: a well-constructed proof, a simple trick/technique to solve a problem. Mathematics can be viewed as an art, a beautiful work worthy of admiration. If the student sees math as not only a means to an end (e.g., to apprehend physical processes) but an end in itself, he/she will ultimately develop respect, admiration, and then aspiration for the subject. †¢ I emphasize the importance of class participation. I try to make classroom an atmosphere where all the students feel comfortable to ask a question, make a comment, or give a response. Overall, I try to maintain an open, lively and amiable atmosphere in the classroom in spite of all the mathematics. Students are often reticent in asking questions; perhaps they are afraid ofShow MoreRelatedSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pages and study them until you can easily discuss them with friends, parents, and teachers. If you’d like to research your own topics, this special report provides many templates for exactly what kind of information and notes you need to take. Follow my model and you will have no trouble researching additional evidence on your own. I suggest studying at least three of the thirty examples I’ve provided, but if you’re really serious about getting a perfect 12, I recommend a minimum of five examplesRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesunfocused? Probably not. The essays included in this book will convince you that you can be poignant in few words. We suggest that you create the first draft without a strict word limit. In the subsequent draft, ask yourself re... peatedly: What is my core message? Does this sentence improve upon or clarify that message? By doing this, you will be able to dis.. till the key anecdotes and interpretations from a pool of excessive descriptions and unnecessary details. The essays in this book will helpRead MoreFrankenstein Study Guide14107 Words   |  57 Pagesfind these time-saving instructor aids: †¢ About the Work: pertinent background information on the work and a detailed synopsis of its plot. †¢ Media Links: annotated listings of audio, visual, electronic, and print resources related to the work. †¢ Teaching Options: high-interest activities for introducing the work and individualizing instruction. †¢ Options for Using Related Readings: suggested approaches to the Related Readings included with the work. †¢ Answer Key: detailed answers to all questionsRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagescompetitive edge. at innovation advantage can translate into a premium in your company’s stock price—an innovation premium—that is possible only by building the code for innovation right into your organization’s people, processes, and guiding philosophies. 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Literary Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and...

The city of London proved to be the sole dominant location in the 1800’s during the Victorian era in this novel. As the story unfolds in the classic literature novel, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† written by Robert Louis Stevenson, the magnificent city of London becomes a darker and mysterious location. The powerful city of London embodied the freedom and solitude required for the antagonist of the story, Mr. Hyde to hide his wicked behavior from the society as a whole. According to the history of the Victorian age, â€Å"Traditional ways of life were fast being transformed into something perilously unstable and astonishingly new† (1049). The population in England was growing at an astounding rate, illustrating the transition†¦show more content†¦Initially, Utterson comes off as having a dull and shy personality, which is quite contradicting to his career as being a prestigious lawyer. Although, upholding a law degree promised the co nfidentiality of all of Mr. Utterson’s cases. â€Å"For he was undemonstrative at the best and even his friendships seemed to be founded in a similar catholicity of good-nature† (1780). He believed that it is not a moral thing to talk about others behind their back. In addition, Enfield and Utterson’s conversation in the exposition of the novel illustrated the strict suppression everyone had to constantly obey: â€Å"He was austere with himself; drank gin when he was alone, to mortify a taste for vintages; and though he enjoyed the theatre, had not crossed the doors of one for twenty years† (1780). Stevenson emphasized that you need to â€Å"play by the book†. This is important that the desire to preserve social reputation keeps us from doing these disgraceful things too much. Although, Utterson would love to engage in a casual drink as well as attend a theatre performance, but he cannot because of the respectable reputation he needs to constantly maintain. Ultimately, they are expected to hide and conceal their bad habits from the rest of the society, which shows that human nature has two sides to everyone. The rising actions of the novel occur when the antagonist, Edward Hyde, tramples and kills a man of the parliament on the darkShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1729 Words   |  7 PagesTaking a Closer Look into the Story and Author of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Nothing Mr. Stevenson has written as yet has so strongly impressed us with the versatility of his very original genius. An anonymous review in â€Å"The Times† noted Robert Louis Stevenson for his intelligence in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The review continued with saying that the story, be read as a finished study in the art of fantastic literature. 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Chesterton as being able ‘to pick up the right word up on the point of his pen’. * Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson  was a Scottish  novelist, poet, essayist, and  travel writer. * A literary celebrity during hisRead MoreBook Report - Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde4772 Words   |  20 Pagesof the Book: â€Å" The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† B. Author: Robert Louis Stevenson (1850 -1894) * As a novelist, he is often noted for the powers of invention and depth of psychological insights found in his work; a skill defined by G. K. Chesterton as being able ‘to pick up the right word up on the point of his pen’. * Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson  was a Scottish  novelist, poet, essayist, and  travel writer. * A literary celebrity during his lifetimeRead MoreHow Does the Use of Setting and Imagery Affect the Readers Understanding of Dr. Jekll and Mr Hide?1190 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Robert Louis Stephensons masterpiece, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) symbolizes Hyde as a representative of the specific Victorian anxieties. He is seen as the ugly, deformed, apelike, but also reflecting Victorian fears about Darwinian evolution theories of humanitys deform from ape, and fears the newly enfranchised working classes. This essay will explore the function of the narrative which helps the readers to perceive the meaning of the narrative. 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Ultimately, however, Hyde seems to overtake Jekyll, resulting in the death of both identities. For many readers, the final part of the story supplies satisfactory answers to enough of the questions to

MEdications Essay Example For Students

MEdications Essay StreptokinaseThrombolytic, aka clot buster. One of our TPA (tissue plasminogen activator) used to bust clots in a pt with a stroke from an embolus or a thrombus or is having an MI from a thrombus or an embolus. Problem is if you bust the clot it will bust clots from head to toe giving biggest risk of BLEEDING. Aminophylline/TheoDur Adrenergic bronciodilators, watch aminophylline levels bc there is I fine line between theraputic and toxic. Dilate pupils so dont give to closed angle glaucoma. Will make you nervous jittery, decrease caffeine in their diet. HeparinAnticoagulant, monitor dose with PTT, can be given sub-q or IV. Never ever IM because it will make the muscle bleed. #1 drug when a person has a DVT, must have drug double checked with another nurse before giving. SE: bleeding. Antidote is prodomyicin sulfate. Morphine Opiate agonist, narcotic analgesic that all narcotics are based upon (prototype) non-ceiling drug, so keep on giving, raise dose for more pain. Used for acute pain such as post surgery and burn pain. But it is also good in severe chronic pain, such as pain from cancer. Comes in tablets (rare), liquid, injectable form, and a PCA pump form. Usual dose 10-12 mg q 2-4 hrs. biggest problem= it is a CNS depressant so need to avoid other CNS depressants (alcohol), can cause resp depression. Do not give is resp are 12 or below. Double check resp in hr (inj)DigoxinLanoxin, cardiotonic glycoside. Slows but strengthens the heartbeat, often give a loading dose to get the heart were it is supposed to be and then back off and give a maintanence dose. Usual dose 0.25 mg. always check an apical before giving, if below 60 hold the med and call dr. biggest problem is in older patients where there glomerular filtration rate decreases, they end up with accumulation of this drug, because their A DME is decreased as well as their glomerular filtration. Have a apical pulse of like 40MarplanMAO inhibitor, used as antidepressant, main concern is a diet that is low in fermented things (beer, cheese) can throw them into a hypertensive state. NitroglycerinCoronary vasodilator, used to treat angina, comes in a sublingual tablet to be used in an attack, can us one every five minutes up to 15 minutes, or 3 doses before calling 911. need to replace the bottle every 3 to 6 months, keep in a dark tight container (disenigrates when exposed to air, moisture, or light), come in a bid med, called nitrobid. Comes in patch that you take every day, opens up blood vessels to the heart. OxytocinExample, pitocin. It causes the contraction of the uterus. To initiate labor, but also given post partum to prevent hemmorrage. Need to watch uterus and contractions. WarfarinGeneric name of coumadin. Anticoagulant. Works against the PT, and INR (1.5-2.0 x the control). Taken PO when dismissed from hospital. Antidote is vitamin K. if they are on coumadin then they are on restricted diet high in vitamin k. watch for bleedingValiumBenzodiazapine, anticonvulsive, hypnotic sedative, muscle relaxant, anti xyolitic. Color coated for different doses. (white, yellow, pink), dose come in injectable form. Never ever mix with another med. Is a CNS depressant, so watch giving with other CNS depressants, or alcohol. BactrimSulfonamide, not a true antibiotic, but antimicrobial agent, used to treat UTI and otitis media in children. SE: allergies, urine crystals. So you need to push fluidsAspirinNon narcotic analgesic, also an NSAID bc it reduces inflammation, antipyretic by reducing fevers. Given in small amounts to prevent platelets from sticking together, that prevents strokes or MIs (81 mg tablet daily). Watch for bleeding. Causes upset GI, do not allow kids to take because of ryes syndrome. Gi bleeding and GI upset are on of the biggest problems with aspirin. .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae , .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae .postImageUrl , .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae , .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae:hover , .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae:visited , .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae:active { border:0!important; } .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae:active , .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1934ad209049ec241d31772adce03eae:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Culinary Arts Essay PaperAlbuterolAdrenergic bronchiodilator, use in inhaler, need to know how to use properlyPen V-KPenicillin antibiotic, main concern is hypersensitivity. Ask questions first, and watch for rashes. Milk of MagnesiaAntacid, saline laxative. Problem is OD them you can end up with hypermagnesisumism. Mix it well before taking and you can flush it with waterMetamucilBulk laxative, safe or natural. Mix in the room or it will become paste. OncovinAntineoplastic agents for cancer. Chemo agent. SE: bone marrow depression, N/V, anorexia, alopeciaProcardiaCalcium channel blocker, used for an

Theories Of The Origin Of The Moon Essay Example For Students

Theories Of The Origin Of The Moon Essay The Moon is the only natural satellite of Earth. The distance from Earthis about 384,400km with a diameter of 3476km and a mass of 7.35*1022kg. Through history it has had many names: Called Luna by the Romans, Selene andArtemis by the Greeks. And of course, has been known through prehistoric times. It is the second brightest object in the sky after the Sun. Due to its size and composition, the Moon is sometimes classified as a terrestrial planetalong with Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. Origin of the Moon Before the modern age of space exploration, scientists had three major theories for the origin of the moon: fission from the earth; formation inearth orbit; and formation far from earth. Then, in 1975, having studied moonrocks and close-up pictures of the moon, scientists proposed what has come to be regarded as the most probable of the theories of formation, planetesimalimpact or giant impact theory. Formation by Fission from the Earth The modern version of this theory proposes that the moon was spun off from the earth when the earth was young and rotating rapidly on its axis. Thisidea gained support partly because the density of the moon is the same as thatof the rocks just below the crust, or upper mantle, of the earth. A majordifficulty with this theory is that the angular momentum of the earth, in order toachieve rotational instability, would have to have been much greater than theangular momentum of the present earth-moon system. We will write a custom essay on Theories Of The Origin Of The Moon specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Formation in Orbit Near the EarthThis theory proposes that the earth and moon, and all other bodies of thesolar system, condensed independently out of the huge cloud of cold gases andsolid particles that constituted the primordial solar nebula. Much of thismaterial finally collected at the center to form the sun. Formation Far from Earth According to this theory, independent formation of the earth and moon, asin the above theory, is assumed; but the moon is supposed to have formed at a different place in the solar system, far from earth. The orbits of theearth and moon then, it is surmised, carried them near each other so that the moonwas pulled into permanent orbit about the earth. Planetesimal Impact First published in 1975, this theory proposes that early in the earthshistory, well over 4 billion years ago, the earth was struck by a large body calleda planetesimal, about the size of Mars. The catastrophic impact blastedportions of the earth and the planetesimal into earth orbit, where debris from theimpact eventually coalesced to form the moon. This theory, after years of researchon moon rocks in the 1970s and 1980s, has become the most widely accepted one for the moons origin. The major problem with the theory is that itwould seem to require that the earth melted throughout, following the impact,whereas the earths geochemistry does not indicate such a radical melting. Planetesimal Impact Theory (Giant Impact Theory)As the Apollo project progressed, it became noteworthy that few scientists working on the project were changing their minds about which of these threetheories they believed was most likely correct, and each of the theorieshad its vocal advocates. In the years immediately following the Apollo project,this division of opinion continued to exist. One observer of the scene, apsychologist, concluded that the scientists studying the Moon were extremely dogmatic andlargely immune to persuasion by scientific evidence. But the facts werethat the scientific evidence did not single out any one of these theories. Each oneof them had several grave difficulties as well as one or more points in its favor. .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee , .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee .postImageUrl , .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee , .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee:hover , .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee:visited , .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee:active { border:0!important; } .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee:active , .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub10c02ba90676912c6f62191cc6822ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: to kill a Mockingbird Persuasive EssayIn the mid-1970s, other ideas began to emerge. William K. Hartmann and D.R. Davis (Planetary Sciences Institute in Tucson AZ) pointed out that theEarth, in the course of its accumulation, would undergo some major collisions withother bodies that have a substantial fraction of its mass and that thesecollision would produce large vapor clouds that they believe might play a role in theformation of the Moon. A.G.W. Cameron and William R. Ward (Harvard University, Cambridge MA) pointed out that a collision with a body having at least themass of Mars would be needed to give the Earth the present angular momentum ofthe Earth-Moon system, and they also pointed out that such a collision would produce a large vapor cloud that would leave a substantial amount ofmaterial in orbit about the Earth, the dissipation of which could be expected to formthe Moon. The Giant Impact Theory of the origin of the Moon has emerged from these suggestions. These ideas attracted relatively little comment in the scientific communityduring the next few years. However, in 1984, when a scientific conference on theorigin of the Moon was organized in Kona, Hawaii, a surprising number of paperswere submitted that discussed various aspects of the giant impact theory. At thesamemeeting, the three classical theories of formation of the Moon werediscussed in depth, and it was clear that all continued to present grave difficulties. The giant impact theory emerged as the fashionable theory, but everyone agreed thatit was relatively untested and that it would be appropriate to reservejudgement onit until a lot of testing has been conducted. The next step clearly calledfor numerical simulations on supercomputers. The author in collaboration with Willy Benz (Harvard), Wayne L.Slattery at(Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos NM), and H. Jay Melosh (Universityof Arizona, Tucson, AZ) undertook such simulations. They have used an unconventional technique called smooth particle hydrodynamics to simulatethe planetary collision in three dimensions. With this technique, we havefollowed a simulated collision (with some set of initial conditions) for many hours ofreal time, determining the amount of mass that would escape from the Earth-Moon system, the amount of mass that would be left in orbit, as well as therelative amounts of rock and iron that would be in each of these different massfractions. We have carried out simulations for a variety of different initialconditions and have shown that a successful simulation was possible if the impactingbody had a mass not very different from 1.2 Mars masses, that the collision occurredwith approximately the present angular momentum of the Earth-Moon syst em, and that the impacting body was initially in an orbit not very different fromthat of the Earth. The Moon is a compositionally unique body, having not more than 4% of its mass in the form of an iron core (more likely only 2% of its mass in thisform). This contrasts with the Earth, a typical terrestrial planet in bulkcomposition, which has about one-third of its mass in the form of the iron core. Thus, asimulation could not be regarded as successful unless the material leftin orbit was iron free or nearly so and was substantially in excess of the mass ofthe Moon. This uniqueness highly constrains the conditions that must be imposedon the planetary collision scenario. If the Moon had a composition typical ofother terrestrial planets, it would be far more difficult to determine theconditions that led to its formation. The early part of this work was done using Los Alamos Cray X-MP computers. This work established that the giant impact theory was indeed promising andthat a collision of slightly more than a Mars mass with the Earth, with theEarth-Moon angular momentum in the collision, would put almost 2 Moon masses of rockinto orbit, forming a disk of material that is a necessary precursor to theformation of the Moon from much of this rock. Further development of the hydrodynamics code made it possible to do the calculations on fast small computers thatare dedicated to them. .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc , .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc .postImageUrl , .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc , .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc:hover , .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc:visited , .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc:active { border:0!important; } .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc:active , .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u628bdc6af28086a7424d81101b57c0dc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Magnanimity in the Iliad Analysis EssaySubsequent calculations have been done at Harvard. The first set ofcalculations was intended to determine whether the revised hydrodynamics code reproducedprevious results (and it did). Subsequent calculations have been directedtoward determining whether successful outcomes are possible with a wider rangeof initial conditions than were first used. The results indicate that theimpactor must approach the Earth with a velocity (at large distances) of not more thanabout 5 kilometers. This restricts the orbit of the impactor to lie near that ofthe Earth. It has also been found that collisions involving larger impactors with morethan the Ea rth-Moon angular momentum can give successful outcomes. This initial condition is reasonable because it is known that the Earth-Moon system haslost angular momentum due to solar tides, but the amount is uncertain. These calculations are still in progress and will probably take 1 or 2 years moreto completeBibliographyGIANT IMPACT THEORY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE MOON, A.G.W. Cameron,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge MA 02138,PLANETARY GEOSCIENCES-1988, NASA SP-498EARTHS ROTATION RATE MAY BE DUE TO EARLY COLLISIONS, Paula Cleggett-Haleim, Michael Mewhinney, Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif. RELEASE: 93-012Hartmann, W. K. 1969. Terrestrial, Lunar, and Interplanetary Rock Fragmentation. Hartmann, W. K. 1977. Large Planetesimals in the Early Solar System. 1 Landmarks of the Moon, Microsoft ® Encarta ® 96 Encyclopedia.  © 1993-1995 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 2 Characteristics of the Moon, Microsoft ® Encarta ® 96 Encyclopedia.  © 1993-1995 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Category: Science